Mangalore
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| Mangalore | |
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| Time zone: IST (UTC+5:30) | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District(s) | Dakshina Kannada |
| Mayor | Ganesh Hosabettu |
| Population • Density |
398,745 (2001[update]) • 3,586.5 /km2 (9,289 /sq mi) |
| Area • Elevation (AMSL) |
132.45 km² (51 sq mi) • 22 m (72 ft) |
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Codes
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| Website: www.mangalorecity.gov.in | |
Mangalore (pronounced /ˈmæŋgəlɔr/; Kannada: ಮಂಗಳೂರು, Mangalūru; Tulu: Kudla, ಕುಡ್ಲ; Konkani: Kodial, ಕೊಡಿಯಾಲ್; Beary: Maikala, ಮೈಕಾಲ) 
pronunciation (help·info) is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bounded by the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, Mangalore is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) district in southwestern Karnataka.
Mangalore derives its name from the local Hindu deity Mangaladevi. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea – remaining, to this day, a major port of India. Lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a tropical climate and lies on the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangalore's port handles 75% of India's coffee exports and the bulk of the nation's cashew exports.[4]
Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Vijayanagar dynasty, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan. Eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore (now called Karnataka) in 1956.[5]
Mangalore is demographically diverse with several languages, including Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary commonly spoken and understood. The city's landscape is characterized by rolling hills, coconut palms, freshwater streams, and hard red-clay tiled-roof buildings.[6]
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[edit] Etymology
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Mangalore was named after the local Hindu deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi temple.[7][8] According to local legend, Matsyendranath, the founder of the Nath tradition, arrived in the area with a princess from Kerala named Premaladevi. Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi. After her death, the Mangaladevi temple was consecrated in her honour at Bolar in Mangalore.[9] The city got its name from the Mangaladevi temple.[10]
One of the earliest references to the city's name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city Managalapuram.[11] The 11th-century Arabian traveler Ibn Battuta referred to Mangalore as Manjarur in his chronicles.[12] In Kannada, the city is called Mangalūru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix ūru means town or city in Kannada).[9] During the British occupation in 1799, Mangalore (anglicized from Mangalūru), stuck as the official appellation.[10][13]
Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages. In Tulu, the city is called Kudla meaning junction, since the city is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Phalguni rivers. In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to as Kodial. The Beary name for the city is Maikala, meaning wood charcoal, an attribution to the early practice of producing charcoal from wood on the banks of the Netravati river.[9] On the occasion of Suvarna Karnataka (Golden Karnataka) in 2006, the Government of Karnataka stated that the city would be renamed Mangalooru, though this change in name is not implemented.[14]
[edit] History
The area that is now Mangalore has been mentioned in many ancient works of Hindu history. In the epic Ramayana, Lord Rama ruled over the region, while in the epic Mahabharata, Sahadeva, the youngest of the Pandavas, governed the area.[9] Arjuna, the hero of Mahabharata, also visited the area when he travelled from Gokarna to Adur, a village near Kasargod.[17] Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travelers. Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek monk, referred to the port of Mangalore as Mangarouth.[18] Pliny, a Roman historian, made references to a place called Nithrias, while Greek historian Ptolemy referred to a place called Nitre. Ptolemy's and Pliny the Elder's references were probably made to the Netravati River, which flows through Mangalore.[19] Ptolemy also referred to the city as Maganoor in some of his works.[20]
Several regional and foreign powers have fought over the control of Mangalore. Major regional dynasties, such as the Western Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and Hoysalas ruled the town until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. From 200–600 CE, the Kadamba dynasty ruled over the region. Mangalore was the capital of the Alupa dynasty until the 14th century.[21] The city, then an important trading zone for Persian merchants, was visited by Adenese merchant Abraham Ben Yiju.[22][23] The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta, who had visited the town in 1342, referred to it as Manjarun, and stated that the town was situated on a large estuary.[24] In 1448, Abdul Razak, the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangalore, and was amazed at a glorious temple he saw in the city, en route to Vijayanagara.[25]
European influence in Mangalore can be traced back to 1498, when the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama landed at St Mary's Island near Mangalore.[26] In 1520, the Portuguese took control of the area from the Vijayanagara dynasty, and ruled the city until the latter half of the 18th century. In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampayo[27] defeated the Bangara king and his allies, resulting in the Muslim-dominated control over Mangalore's trade coming into Portuguese hands.[28][29] In the 16th century, Goud Saraswat Brahmins and Roman Catholics from Goa migrated to Mangalore as a result of the Portuguese–Maratha Wars and the Goa Inquisition.[30][31] In 1695, the town was torched by Arabs in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.[32] During the 17th century, the Keladi Nayaka kingdom defeated the Portuguese and ruled the town till 1762.
Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore, conquered Mangalore in 1763,[34] consequently bringing the city under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767 to 1783,[35][36] but was subsequently wrested from their control by Hyder Ali's son, Tippu Sultan in 1783.[37] The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the Treaty of Mangalore, signed between Tippu Sultan and the British East India Company on March 11, 1784.[38] After the defeat of Tippu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained in control of the British, headquartering the Canara district under their regime.[10][39][13]
The city was largely peaceful during British rule, with urban and infrastructural developments being affected during the period. Mangalore flourished in education and in industry, becoming a commercial centre for trade. The opening of the German Basel Mission in 1834 brought many cotton weaving and tile manufacturers to the city.[40][23] When Canara was bifurcated into North Canara and South Canara in 1863, Mangalore was transferred into South Canara and beacame its headquarters.[10] The linking of Mangalore in 1907 to the Southern Railway, and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India, further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.[41] Roman Catholic missions to Mangalore like the Italian Jesuit Mangalore Mission of 1878 played an important role in education, health, and social welfare.[42] The enactment of the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865) mandated the establishment of the Municipal council on May 23, 1866,[17] which was responsible for urban planning and providing civic amenities.
As a result of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), Mangalore (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was incorporated into the dominion of the newly created Mysore State (now called Karnataka).[5] Mangalore is a major city of Karnataka, providing the state with access to the Arabian Sea coastline. Mangalore experienced significant growth in the decades 1970–80, with the opening of New Mangalore Port on May 4, 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited on March 15, 1976.[43][44] The late 20th century saw Mangalore develop as a business, commercial and information technology (IT) centre, although the traditional red tile-roofed houses are still retained in the city. Events in Mangalore that made national headlines were the occasional riots in 2006.[45][46]
[edit] Geography and climate
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Mangalore is located at in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka.[48] It has an average elevation of 22 metres (72 ft) above mean sea level.[49] It is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district, the largest urban coastal center of Karnataka, and the fourth largest city in the state.[12] Mangalore is situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by Arabian Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. Mangalore city, as a municipal entity, spans an area of 132.45 km2 (51.14 sq mi).[12] Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.[50] The topography of the city ranges from plain to undulating, with several hills, valleys and flat areas within the city. The geology of the city is characterized by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.[11] The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the Seismic III Zone.[51][52]
Mangalore lies on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers. These rivers effectively encircle the city, with the Netravti flowing north of the city, and the Gurupura flowing south of the city. The rivers form an estuary at the southern region of the city and subsequently flow into the Arabian sea.[53] The city is often used as a staging point for traffic along the Malabar Coast. The coastline of the city is dotted with several beaches, such as Mukka, Panambur, Tannirbavi, Suratkal, and Someshwara. Coconut trees, palm trees, and Ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.
Mangalore has a tropical climate; summer and winter months experience similar temperate conditions, with average temperatures ranging from 27 °C (81 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F). Humidity is approximately 78% on average,[47] and peaks during May, June and July.[54] The maximum average humidity is 93% in July and average minimum humidity is 56% in January.[54] Under the Köppen climate classification, Manglore belongs to the Tropical/megathermal zone and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoon. It receives about 90% of its total annual rainfall within a period of about six months from May to October, while remaining extremely dry from December to March.[55] The annual precipitation in Mangalore is 4,242.5 millimetres (167 in).[56]
The most pleasant months in Mangalore are from December to February, during which time the humidity and heat are at their lowest.[47] During this period, temperatures during the day stay below 30 °C (86 °F) and drop to about 19 °C (66 °F) at night. This season is soon followed by a hot summer, from March to May, when temperatures rise as high as 38 °C (100 °F). The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences more precipitation than most urban centres in India, due to the Western Ghats.[57] Rainfall up to 4,000 millimetres (157 in) could be recorded during the period from June to September. The rains subside in September, with the occasional rainfall in October.[58]
[edit] Economy
Mangalore's economy is dominated by the agricultural processing and port-related activities.[59] The New Mangalore Port is India's ninth largest port, in terms of cargo handling. It handles 75% of India’s coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.[4] During 2000–01, Mangalore generated a revenue of Rs. 33.47 crore (US$ 6.75 million) to the state.[60] The city's major enterprises include Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL), Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL), BASF, and ELF Gas.
The leaf spring industry has an important presence in Mangalore, with Canara Workshops Ltd. and Lamina Suspension Products Ltd. in the city.[59] The Baikampady and Yeyyadi Industrial areas harbour several small-scale industries. Imports through Mangalore harbour include crude oil, edible oil, LPG, and timber.[61] The city along with Tuticorin is also one of two points for import of wood to South India.[62]
Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like Infosys, Wipro, MPhasis BPO, and First American Corporation have established a presence in Mangalore.[63] Plans to create three dedicated I.T. parks are underway, with two parks (Export Promotion Industrial park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University) currently under construction.[64] A third IT SEZ is being proposed at Ganjimutt.[65] Another IT SEZ, sponsored by the BA group, is under construction at Thumbe and spans 2 million square feet (180,000 m²).[66]
The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) plans to invest over Rs 35,000 crore (US$ 7.06 billion) in a new 15 million tonne refinery, petrochemical plant and power, as well as LNG plants at the Mangalore Special Economic Zone. Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd, a special purpose vehicle under the Oil Industry Development Board, is developing strategic crude oil reserves in Mangalore and two other places in India.[67][68] Out of the proposed 5 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA) storage, 1.5 MMTPA would be at Mangalore.[69] According to an International edition of India Today (November 28 – December 4, 2006), Mangalore is the fastest growing non-metro in South India.[4]
Corporation Bank,[70] Canara Bank,[71] and Vijaya Bank[72] were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Karnataka Bank, founded in Mangalore, was one of the largest banks to have not been taken over by the Government.[73] The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd.[74] and SCDCC Bank[75] were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore.
The boat building and fishing industry have been core businesses in Mangalore for generations. The Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder in Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.[76] The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04.[77] The fishing industry employs thousands of people, their products being exported to around the region. Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee, and cashew nut industry, although the tile industry has declined due to concrete being preferred in modern construction.[63][59] The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore was India's first red roof tile manufacturing factory.[78][79] Cotton industries also flourish in Mangalore. The Ullal suburb of Mangalore produces hosiery and coir yarns,[23] while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many in the city.[59]
[edit] Demographics
Mangalore has a population of 398,745 per the 2001 census of India.[80] The urban area has a population of 538,560,[81] while the metropolitan area has a population of 419,306 (2001).[12] According to World Gazetteer, Mangalore's estimated population in 2008 was 431,976, making it the 101st most populous city in India.[82] As of the same extrapolations, the World Gazetteer estimated the population of the Mangalore urban area to be 603,269, making it the 61st most populated urban area in India.[83] The number of males was 200,234, constituting 50% of the population, while the number of females were 198,511. The decadal growth rate was 45.90.[80] Male literacy was 86%, while female literacy was 79%. About 6% population was under six years of age. Mangalore's literacy rate is 83% – significantly higher than the national average of 59.5%.[81] Birth rate was 13.72%, while death rate and infant mortality rate were at 3.71% and 1.24% respectively.[84] The Mangalore urban area had 32 recognised slums, and nearly 22,000 migrant labourers lived in slums within the city limits.[85][86] According to the Crime Review Report (2006) by the Dakshina Kannada Police, Mangalore registered a drop in the crime rate in 2005, compared with 2003.[87]
The four predominant languages in Mangalore are Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary.[10] Malayalam, Hindi, Urdu and English are also spoken in the city. A resident of Mangalore is known as a Mangalorean in English, Kudladaru in Tulu, Kodialgharano in Catholic Konkani, Kodialchi or Manglurchi in Goud Saraswat Brahmin Konkani, Manglurnavaru in Kannada, and Maikaaltanga in Beary. Hinduism is followed by a large number of the population, with Mogaveeras, Billavas, Ganigas and Bunts forming the largest groups. Kota Brahmins, Shivalli Brahmins, Sthanika Brahmins, Havyaka Brahmins, Goud Saraswat Brahmins (GSBs), Daivajna brahmins, and Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins also form considerable sections of the Hindu population. Christians form a sizable section of Mangalorean society, with Konkani-speaking Catholics, popularly known as Mangalorean Catholics, accounting for the largest Christian community. Protestants in Mangalore typically speak Tulu and Kannada.[88] About 80% of the Muslims in Mangalore are Bearys, who speak a dialect called Beary bashe. There is also a sizeable group of landowners following Jainism. According to the 1961 Census of India statistics, 31,330 Christians and 36,556 Muslims lived in Mangalore taluk.[89]
[edit] Culture
- See also: Tulu Nadu (Culture)
Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in the city. The Yakshagana, a night-long dance and drama performance, is held in Mangalore,[90] while Hulivesha (literally, tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami.[91] Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well known dance performed during Dasara.[92] Paddanas (Ballad-like epics passed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.[92] The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in such folk songs as kolkai (sung during kolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks used as props), unjal pat (traditional lullaby), moilanji pat, and oppune pat (sung at weddings).[93] The Eucharistic procession is an annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each New Year.[92] The Srimanthi Bai Museum, in Bejai, is the only museum of Mangalore.[94]
Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated in the city, the most important being Dussera, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Eid, and Ganesh Chaturthi. Kodial Theru, also known as Mangaluru Rathotsava (Mangalore Car Festival) is a festival unique to the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community, and is celebrated at the Sri Venkatramana Temple.[95][96] The Catholic community's unique festivals include Monti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity feast and the blessing of new harvests.[97] The Jain Milan, a committee comprising Jain families of Mangalore, organises the Jain food festival annually,[98] while festivals such as Mosaru Kudike, which is part of Krishna Janmashtami festival, is celebrated by the whole community.[99] Aati, a festival worshiping Kalanja, a patron spirit of the city, occurs during the Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar. Festivals such as Karavali Utsav and Kudlostava are highlighted by national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.[100] Bhuta Kola (spirit worship), is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night. Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performed in the city in praise of Naga Devatha (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.[101]
Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the South Indian cuisine, with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the city. Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most Mangalorean Curry, as are ginger, garlic and chili. Mangalorean Fish Curry is popular dish in Canara. The Tulu community's well-known dishes include Kori Rotti (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), Bangude Pulimunchi (silver-grey mackerels), Beeja-Manoli Upkari, Neer dosa (lacy rice-crêpes), Boothai Gasi, Kadubu, and Patrode. The Konkani community's specialities include Daali thoy, beebe-upkari (cashew based), val val, avnas ambe sasam, Kadgi chakko, paagila podi, and chana gashi. Vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as Udupi cuisine, is known and liked throughout the state and region. Since Mangalore is a coastal town, fish forms the staple diet of most people.[102] Mangalorean Catholics' Sanna-Dukra Maas (Sanna – idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas – Pork), Pork Bafat, Sorpotel and the Mutton Biryani of the Muslims are well-known dishes. Pickles such as happala, sandige and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore. Shendi (toddy), a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.[92]
Mangalore has a sister city: 
Hamilton, Canada[103]
[edit] Civic administration
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The Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) is the municipal corporation in charge of the civic and infrastructural assets of the city. Municipal limits begin with Mukka in the north, to Netravati river bridge in the south and western sea shore to Vamanjoor in the east. The MCC council comprises 60 elected representatives, called corporators, one from each of the 60 wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. A corporator from the majority party is selected as a Mayor.[107] The headquarters of Mangalore City Corporation is at Lalbagh. Its sub-offices are at Surathkal and Bikarnakatta. As of 2001, the Mangalore municipality covered an area of 73.71 km2 (28.46 sq mi).[60]
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Until the revision of Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies by the Delimitation commission, Mangalore contributed two members to the Lok Sabha, one for the southern part of the city which fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha Constituency, and another for the northern part of the city which fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha Constituency. Additionally, Mangalore sent three members to the Karnataka State Legislative Assembly. With the revision, the entire Mangalore Taluk now falls under the Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency, resulting in Mangalore contributing only one Member of Parliament (MP).[108][109]
The Dakshina Kannada Police is responsible for the law and order maintenance in Mangalore. The department is headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP). Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, covering the western districts of Karnataka, which is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP).[110]
[edit] Education
The pre-collegiate medium of instruction in schools is predominantly Kannada, while English and Kannada are predominant languages in private schools. Additionally, other media of instruction exist in Mangalore. The medium of instruction in educational institutions after matriculation in colleges is English. Recently, a committee of experts constituted by the Tulu Sahitya Academy recommended the inclusion of Tulu (in Kannada script) as a medium of instruction in education.[111]
Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government-run or run by private trusts and individuals. The schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. After completing 10 years of schooling in secondary education, students enroll in Higher Secondary School, specializing in one of the three streams – Arts, Commerce or Science. Since the 1980s, there have been a large number of professional institutions established in a variety of fields including engineering, medicine, dentistry, business management and hotel management. The earliest schools established in Mangalore were the Basel Evangelical School (1838) and Milagres School (1848). The Kasturba Medical College established in 1953, was India's first private medical college.[112] Popular educational institutions in the city are Father Muller Medical College, KS Hegde Medical Academy, National Institute of Technology (Karnataka), St. Aloysius' College, and St. Joseph Engineering College. The Bibliophile's Paradise, a hi-tech public library run by the Corporation Bank, is located at Mannagudda in Mangalore.[113] Mangalore University was established on September 10, 1980. It caters to the higher educational needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts[114] and is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) accredited four-star level institution.[115]
[edit] Sports
Several sports are unique to Mangalore. Kambala (buffalo race), contested in water filled paddy fields,[116] and Korikatta (cockfight) are popular. Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. Dakshina Kannada's only full-fledged cricket stadium, the Mangala Stadium, is in Mangalore.[117] The Sports Authority of India (SAI) has also set up a sports training centre at the stadium.[118] The Central Maidan in Mangalore is another important venue hosting domestic tournaments and many inter-school and collegiate tournaments.[119] The Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) is a popular organization in the city and has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangalore Zone of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA).